Cut and come again

If you find
Your farm has a recurring demand for fresh green feed
OR
Your market has a recurring demand for fresh greens such as mixed salad greens
Then,
Consider using a Rolling harvest of a crop that can be cut and left to grow back before being cut again.

This gives you a Rolling harvest within a single crop, allowing you to make a profit on an ongoing basis rather than just a single profit each year.

Examples of Cut and come again crops are:

  • Fodder crops that are cut and carted to animals such as using a forage harvester and wagon. These are often used in intensive livestock setups such as dairies and cattle or sheep feedlots
  • Salad greens that are sold bulk or bagged in single species or mixed species salad mixes to restaurants, greengrocers or supermarkets
  • Strip-grazed pastures that are given a Short hard graze then a Long rest. This is common in dairying and other Rotational grazing systems.
  • Ti-tree grown for oil harvesting

Each of these can be managed sustainably or less so. It makes sense to set it up in such a way that you can keep going indefinitely.

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Farm works for farmer

If you find
What we try to control, controls us
OR
Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed as Francis Bacon put it so beautifully so many years ago

Then,
Having the farm work for you rather than you work for the farm sounds like an ideal and probably sounds unrealistic.

However, it is certainly achieved by many farmers and may be something you can achieve.

It doesn’t mean you just sit on the veranda sipping cocktails while the cattle load themselves onto a truck and drive themselves to market.

What Bacon was getting at when he said Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed is just that we must follow the laws of nature if we want to guide nature to do what we want. Farming is about guiding nature, in accordance with the laws of nature.

What Farm works for farmer means is that the workload of the farmer is dramatically reduced because the farm is now more in balance and thus takes less running around, less use of chemicals and less time.

For most farmers in the Western world, farming takes more than it once did to achieve a living: more effort, more money, more risk and more land.

This is because there is a greater emphasis on chemicals instead of systems, and on genetically-modified organisms. These cut into the profits before the crop is harvested. And there are more people wanting a slice of the pie — quality assurance people, regulators, middle people and so on. Most of these cut into the profits after the harvest.

An farmer in this situation is unlikely to have Reasonable terms of trade (the difference between their income and their outgo) because their terms of trade are getting worse.

Income minus outgo is supposed to equal a sustainable profit. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. Profits are often too small to live on unless you get bigger.

As a result, to produce the same income takes more crop and that usually means more land, time, effort and capital.

Farm works for farmer is usually the result of the farmer being a beneficial farm manager rather than one who gets in the way of his or her own aims.

The best farm managers have a massive positive impact on how well all the other organisms on the farm work.

Those who set up Self-managing systems leave themselves less work to do because their role is primarily that of a Conductor, just keeping everything In tune with Nature without a lot of effort or stress.

When I used to take farmers and students on visits to various farms, some farms stood out.

People would marvel at how the farmers managed their farms almost by standing back and not getting in the way of a system which just hummed along.

Most of the work the farmers did was just helping to keep the system in balance such as by ensuring that a particular stage was a Fed process.

Sometimes they would need to find a way to deal with a surplus of product such as when they had a good season. That’s the sort of problem I like to deal with.

These farms ran with the efficiency and smoothness of a well-oiled machine.

The farm was doing more and more of its own work of producing crops, building soil fertility, minimizing weeds, eliminating pest problems and so on.

From time to time, the farmer would need to find out about some aspect of the system just to help re-balance it as it drifted slightly off course. Once the farmer had this new understanding they might add something or take something out and the new balance would run like clockwork till the next bit of fine tuning was needed.

So how do you get it working like this?

  • Start by looking for what is limiting your farm’s performance.
  • Track causes rather than trying to deal with symptoms.
  • Pests (including weeds) are a good example of a symptom which is often mistaken for the cause of the problem. The cause of a weed problem in a crop may lie in the rotation, choice of variety, sowing management or a dozen other areas. By isolating any shortcomings you can deal with them and thus let your crop achieve its potential.
  • In looking for a shortcoming, you may find several. Fixing all of them will allow your crop to be much more self-managing and thus save you a lot of work.
  • Use Natural indicators and you will have measures which are accurate because they reflect reality rather than being less accurate because they are one step removed from reality.
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Beneficial manager

If you find
Some farmers fight nature
OR
Some farmers are so disorganized that they are working at cross purposes to themselves
OR
Sometimes there is a farm that would be better off if the farmer left it alone
Then,
Become the most Beneficial organism that your farm could have.

As a farm manager, you can have a massive impact on how well all the other organisms on the farm work.

You can be like an orchestra conductor, getting the best out of each performer by drawing out the most beautiful performances.

Or you can micro-manage everything, interfering in every process, trying to control every aspect of the farm.

Or you can let the farm run down until it slowly returns to a new succession towards something other than farming.

Most of us fall between being conductor and over-managing some aspects and under-supporting other aspects.

The trick is to come to understand the processes on the farm and then to support them such as by ensuring that every process is an adequately Fed process. This will allow those biological and other processes to achieve their potential.

At the same time, it is important to remove those things that you might have previously done that interfered with the farm expressing its full potential.

When I used to take organic farming students on farm visits, one farm we visited had the students in awe.

It was the perfect expression of this pattern, the farmers stood back and let things happen.

Because of the enterprise choice and the way they had put them together, the farmers did not have a high demand on their time. But the real reason they were not run off their feet and had time to develop their skills further was because they had fine tuned the farm so it hummed along.

We would then visit a farm nearby that had similar enterprises, scale and family members, but they worked harder to achieve less.

The first farm was an example of Nature does the work and Farm works for farmer rather than the other way around.

The second farm was an example of farmers who were well intentioned yet had little idea of what they were doing and how to do it effectively. They were struggling to make the transition to a better way of farming. They survived, but only because of a massive input of family labor.

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Fed process

If you find
Young animals need a high protein diet to allow them to express their genes fully and develop into productive adults
OR
Young animals are vulnerable to attacks from internal parasites or other pests
OR
Young plants need certain minerals and other nutrients to allow them to establish successfully
OR
Constant yet unpredictable challenge to the survival of your desired species
Then,
Feed the process: Whether the process is

  • a young lamb growing
  • the development of a strong immune system
  • starting off a compost heap
  • the development of our minds
  • or any other process which involves change, improvement and growth

there is a need for specific feeds.

Biological processes often need many conditions met to allow the organism to reach its potential. If you do not provide enough time, protein or certain other conditions, the organism may be limited throughout its life.

A young lamb growing needs plenty of good quality protein or the makings of protein so it can build a strong body. It also needs good feed to grow a strong immune system as it faces challenges from parasites and other pests.

The development of immunity needs the combination of Feed-filled genes, Feed for growing stock and Challenge handled well. If any of these is lacking, the animal will not develop its Immune response to a high level and thus will not be well positioned to beat off challenges.

To start off a compost heap and have it develop adequately and produce heat-composted Active compost, it needs the right carbon to nitrogen ratio. If that is out, it will not generate enough heat to kill soil-borne diseases and kill weed seeds. Get it right and the process rips along, producing excellent compost fast.

As well as being fed on oily fish, our minds really need to feed on ideas and knowledge and understanding presented in a way which connects with existing structures. Then the brain can grow in its capacity to handle info and problems.

I hope I am providing material that helps you grow your ability to manage your farm well.

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Gradual change

If you find
Major change can be hard to handle or manage
OR
Looking at big shifts can be daunting
Then,
Most field changes and many other changes that are worth having happen gradually.

This allows the system time to adjust and have everything in place to support the continuation of the change rather than having it slump back to the old situation.

Radical change leaves opportunities for invasive species or for problematic events that might leave your chosen species disadvantaged.

Spraying out a weed creates an immediate gap which equals an opportunity for a new weed, particularly given that the space that is left usually comes complete with soft soil which has been created by the weed you just killed.

Incremental change usually means the transition will be slower, but it is more likely to be in the right direction and more likely to be sustained. It is less likely take a path that doesn’t work.

Steady change makes it easy to try new things and have small and continuing improvement. Any mistakes or wrong turnings are small and can be corrected quickly and easily.

It is often easier to manage steady change than rapid change, so there is time to develop management skills as you and the system evolve together.

If the change is towards something you haven’t done before, it allows you time to try different methods, different ways of assessing the new allows you to find better ways of doing things.

This is the farming version of that wonderful old saying, recorded by Laozi, author of the Tao Te Ching: A journey of a thousand li starts beneath one’s feet. A li is about half a kilometre or a third of a mile.

And this principle applies to shifts in enterprises. Sometimes it is best to have a Grown business than one that starts with a bang. Grow into business gradually and let it happen from the roots up, giving you time to fine-tune it as you go.

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Grown business

If you find
The thought of making major change can make a new direction seem daunting
OR
You are not sure that you want to make a new business from nothing
OR
you can’t be sure that a new venture will be profitable
Then,
“Don’t go into business, grow into business”, said Jerome D Belanger, Editor of Countryside and Small Stock Journal.

This is a form of organic growth, the business grows from within and does not create a sudden change in the system.

This allows you to iron out the bugs as you go. It is a case of Bootstrapping and results in a smoother transition from a hobby or a trial into a full business or enterprise.

Bootstrapping refers to pulling yourself up by your bootstraps. Obviously you can’t do that in the physical sense, but you can when you are starting a business.

Some very large ventures started this way. One of the biggest poultry producers in Australia started as a backyard enterprise for a member of a young farmers club.

When you grow into business from the roots up, the Gradual change allows time to fine-tune it as you go.

Plus it can raise its own capital and need not be a big drain on your capital.

The growth will probably be slower, but it is more likely to be in the right direction — profitable and sustainable and less likely to lose its way or take a path that doesn’t work.

Incremental change makes it easy to try new things and have incremental improvement. Any mistakes or wrong turnings are small and can be corrected easily.

It is easier to steer a business that is growing slowly than one that is racing along, so it gives you time to develop your skills as a business manager.

If the business is something you haven’t done before, it allows you time to try different methods, different marketing and find better ways of doing things.

Many a successful business started on a kitchen table.

Remember the old saying: Mighty oaks from tiny acorns grow.

This is an example of Gradual change. Just as most field changes that are worth having happen gradually, so it is with enterprise shifts.

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Patterns funnel forces into results

If you find
Forces, pressures and stressors can be difficult to resolve
OR
Because of the feeling of stress around dealing with problems galore, it can be hard to come up with a resolution to the sometimes competing forces
OR
Solutions to some problems are difficult to see without an example showing how to resolve it

Then,
Funneling focuses and concentrates forces and other things.

We use funnel-shaped cattle yards to get animals from a large grazing area into a small opening on the back of a truck. By bringing them into the yards and then putting them into a funnel-shaped pen, we can focus them into a race and up a ramp onto the truck and off to market.

Imagine doing that without the funnel. There would be a lot more stress, noise and injury to and from cattle and humans.

Funnels work.

Think about trying to pour sugar into a narrow-necked bottle or fuel into a narrow fuel tank opening with and without a funnel. If there is one, you will almost certainly choose to use the funnel:

  • Because the funnel has a broad mouth, it is easy to “hit”
  • The shape or structure of the funnel mouth directs everything towards the opening into the neck of the funnel
  • In the neck, the sugar or fuel that was in a scattered state as it entered the funnel mouth is now “tamed” by the shape and
  • As the material falls with gravity, the narrowness of the neck directs it all to the very place you want it.

There is no effort on your part except towards hitting a very broad target, but you get the result that you want — a narrow stream of material into the target container.

Funnels can be used to direct forces such as wind, moving water and falling grain into a more useful flow.

Grains are directed into an auger for elevating to a silo or into a truck or seeder.

Water is funneled off roofs by gutters with a long flow ending in a narrow opening at the downpipe.

Wind can be funneled by tree belts towards a gap where there is a windmill to pump water or to generate electricity.

A Farm Pattern is basically a funnel that directs the forces, stresses and pressures the farmer is facing into a desirable result that resolves all the relevant forces and leaves no loose ends.

Think of the pressures acting on many farmers at any time:

  • Stress of earning enough to pay the bills
  • Time pressure of dealing with farm management issues, family connection, paying bills and planning the farm’s future
  • Worry about the weather
  • Issues in the family around health, relationships and how the kids are getting on at school
  • Government regulations and corporate impacts on the market
  • and plenty more — you get the picture.

Imagine that by applying a set of suitable patterns to any particular problem, the farmer can resolve most or ideally all of those issues satisfactorily. That might look something like the following diagram.

The forces are on the left, all jockeying for attention.

How a pattern acts like a funnel to focus forces and resolve them to a satisfactory result

On the right is the resolution of all of that into a new and more easily managed result.

This is no magic cure, just a simple approach that can resolve one problem at a time.

The trick is to start small with a single problem that can be resolved by one or a few patterns.

Once that is working, try another problem and matching patterns and when that works, on to the next problem.

If a pattern does not resolve the problem that it is supposed to, look for other patterns that might need to be used before that pattern to resolve issues that contribute to the bigger problem.

Eventually I intend to put up a FirstSteps tool that will allow you to specify a couple of forces and it will (if all goes to plan) find patterns that can resolve the problems or contribute to their resolution.

But first, I need to get all of the patterns up here to support that. As there are likely to be around 700 patterns when the set is complete enough for full use, that will take a while.

Please hang in there, from the experience of my test pilots, the patterns make it much easier to understand and manage farms and their problems and turn them into successes.

If you would like an explanation of how farm patterns can help you run your farm, ranch or other agricultural enterprise to make life simpler and get deliver better results, there is more here.

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Learning from pests

If you find
A pest problem indicates that something was not done to head off the pest or to profit from the pest
OR
You ask How do I beat this pest? at about the same time each year because the effects of the pest become noticeable at about the same time each year
Then,
Although pests are not teachers as such, for smart farmers, pests are
• not something to get rid of
• but something to learn from.

This is because a pest problem indicates that something was not done to head off the pest or to profit from the pest. The system is out of balance. If you ask
How do I beat this pest?
you will probably ask it most years.

And you will probably ask it at about the same time each year. That is because the effects of the pest become noticeable at about the same time each year.

If instead you ask Continue reading

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Selective grazing

If you find
Selective grazers often overgraze the good stuff (as they see it) and undergraze other plants
OR
Leaving the least appealing plants to continue growing causes many weed problems in pastures
OR
Sown or improved pastures often don’t last long enough to pay for their establishment
OR
Overgrazing happens one plant at a time
OR
Woody weeds take over many rangelands
OR
Some animals revisit and regraze a plant, almost the moment a new leaf appears
OR
Any animal which is unable to move because of fences, predators etc is likely to overgraze an area
Then,
A selective grazer is any animal that is able to aim for and get a particular plant. Selective grazing involves just what it says, selecting something and then grazing it.

The ultimate selective grazer on the farm is probably the sheep because it:

  • can PICK UP small seeds with its lips
  • can NIBBLE just this leaf and not the one next to it and
  • likes to REVISIT the plants it has grazed to get the fresh regrowth.

Horses are also selective, just not as accurate nor as nimble.

Goats are selective browsers and grazers, eating shrubs, trees and pasture plants.

Cattle are less selective because of their greater mouth size, different method of grazing — often they pull off a mouthful of grass and sometimes they pull it right out of the ground.

Hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses (not common on farms) are not very selective because of their vision and mouth shapes. Elephants (again, not common on farms) are very selective because the length and manoeuverability of their trunks gives them the ability to see, smell, select and uproot or break off their chosen fodder.

Selective grazing happens when a selective grazer is allowed to choose what it will graze. This happens a lot when animals are set stocked rather than rotated. They graze the plants in order of their preference. They graze and sometimes overgraze the good stuff (as they see it) and undergraze the rest. This means the least appealing plants are grazed last, if at all.

Leaving the least appealing plants to continue growing causes many weed problems in pastures.

This sort of broad-scale selective grazing also occurs with rotational grazing when the graze and rest periods are out of balance with the farm’s needs. And the result can be the same, an increase in weeds and a decrease in the most palatable and most digestible plants.

Non-selective grazing happens when animals are given no choice in what to graze by the farmer deciding:

  • what types of animals and
  • how many of those animals will put
  • how much grazing pressure
  • on how large an area
  • for how long.

By making it hard for animals to graze selectively, the farmer takes back control rather than letting the animals decide. If a farmer decides well,

  • weed problems decline
  • pasture quality improves
  • animal performance improves and
  • the enterprise becomes more profitable.

However, if management is not up to the mark, problems are likely to increase and the farm environment is likely to go backwards. There are plenty of opportunities in the process for Learning from pests.

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Nitrogen fixation

If you find
Nitrogen is the most commonly deficient nutrient in many soils
OR
Nitrogen is a key element in digestibility of pastures
OR
Nitrogen is a key element in the synthesis of proteins necessary for animal growth and development
Then,
Fixation involves converting atmospheric nitrogen into a nitrogen compound. In agriculture, this involves fixing it into a form that is usable by plants.

In the air nitrogen generally exists in combination with itself. One atom of nitrogen is bonded to another atom of nitrogen. Nitrogen makes up about 80% of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Nitrogen from the atmosphere is free and useful to all plants. But plants cannot meet their need for it from the air, they must get it from the soil.

There is no shortage of nitrogen, however many plants cannot grow well because they are in soil that is low in nitrogen.

Other plants get a heap of nitrogen because they have the capacity to fix it. These include the legumes, plants that are very important in agriculture and are absolutely essential in any form of sustainable agriculture.

When an element is fixed it is combined with another element to form a new chemical compound. Nitrogen is fixed into a plant-usable form, ammonium.

A small amount of nitrogen fixation occurs in thunderstorms where the lightning fixes it.

More is done through some free-living bacteria in the soil and water and through bacteria in the roots of legumes and similar plants. Some of these harmless beneficial bacteria (Rhizobium — plural rhizobia) form nodules (a swelling) on the roots of legumes.

Rhizobium means bacterium that lives in the root. So rhizobia live in the roots of plants, particularly legumes such as:

  • alfalfa (lucerne)
  • clovers including the remarkable pasture legume that is the main profit driver in the wheat-sheep belt of Australia, subterranean clover
  • beans
  • vetches
  • peas and
  • a host of trees such as
    • acacia species (wattles in Australia)
    • honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
    • robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia)
    • the tree lucernes, including
      • tagasaste, which grows in temperate and up to sub-tropical conditions Chamaecytisus and
      • Leucaena which is tropical and sub-tropical.

A similar process happens on the roots of casuarinas and their relatives through an organism called frankia that also works in the roots of other species including alder and bayberry.

Once the rhizobium fix the nitrogen in the soil atmosphere into a form that is available to the legume it lives in, the plant can get ahead of other plants around it.

When the legume dies or sheds roots (such as from Grazing shock , the nitrogen becomes available for other plants and other soil organisms.

The bacterium can survive only because the legume provides food and a home in return for nitrogen. Between them, these two improve the soil for the legume first and then for all other organisms that need nitrogen and cannot fix it themselves.

As nitrogen is the most commonly deficient nutrient in many soils around the world, this is a key process for most farmers.

This is a simple example of how some plants change their environment.

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